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IC 9243 



BUREAU OF MINES 
INFORMATION CIRCULAR/1990 



Human Factors in Mining 
Search System 



By Richard S. Fowkes and Elaine G. Aiken 




^"V°% 



Q 






80 

* YEARS ^, 

**AU OF ^ 



o 



BUREAU OF MINES 
1910-1990 

THE MINERALS SOURCE 



Mission: As the Nation's principal conservation 
agency, the Department of the Interior has respon- 
sibility for most of our nationally-owned public 
lands and natural and cultural resources. This 
includes fostering wise use of our land and water 
resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, pre- 
serving the environmental and cultural values of 
our national parks and historical places, and pro- 
viding for the enjoyment of life through outdoor 
recreation. The Department assesses our energy 
and mineral resources and works to assure that 
their development is in the best interests of all 
our people. The Department also promotes the 
goals of the Take Pride in America campaign by 
encouraging stewardship and citizen responsibil- 
ityforthe public landsand promoting citizen par- 
ticipation in their care. The Department also has 
a major responsibility for American Indian reser- 
vation communities and for people who live in 
Island Territories under U.S. Administration. 



Information Circular 9243 

Human Factors in Mining 
Search System 

By Richard S. Fowkes and Elaine G. Aiken 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
Manuel Lujan, Jr., Secretary 

BUREAU OF MINES 
T S Ary, Director 






n0- 



4 



2^ 




Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: 



Fowkes, Richard S. 










Human Factors in Mining Search System. 










(Bureau of Mines information circular, 1988) 










Supt. of Docs, no.: I 28.27:9243. 










1. HFMSS (Information retrieval system) 2. 


Information 


storage 


and retrieval 


systems-Mine safety. I. Aiken, Elaine G. II. 


Title. 


III. 


Series: 


Information 


circular (United States. Bureau of Mines); 9243 










TN295.U4 622 s [025'.066228] 






88-600407 



CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 2 

Categories 3 

Fields 4 

Annotated bibliography 7 

User's manual 8 

Thesaurus 9 

Summary 14 

Appendix-Example printouts-brief and full-entry formats 15 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

1. Example of thesaurus key words or descriptors listed by subject category 10 

2. Example of thesaurus key words or descriptors in alphabetical order 11 

3. Example of thesaurus key words or descriptors listed in alphanumeric sequence by individual 

accession numbers 12 

4. Example of thesaurus accession numbers associated with each key word or descriptor 13 

TABLES 

1. Categories and accession number ranges for HFMSS 4 

2. HFMSS fields 5 



HUMAN FACTORS IN MINING SEARCH SYSTEM 

By Richard S. Fowkes 1 and Elaine G. Aiken 2 



ABSTRACT 

This Bureau of Mines report describes the Human Factors in Mining Search System (HFMSS), a 
computerized information retrieval system that provides relevant human factors information from journal 
articles, research reports, seminars, conferences, etc. in terms of 19 mining-related categories. It is the 
only existing data base that stresses all of the areas of human factors as applied to mining. Examples 
of these categories are biomechanics and work physiology, human error and human reliability, work 
design and task analysis, manual materials handling and back injuries, hand tools, organizational and 
management practices, psychological factors, and training. Although the emphasis is on literature 
dealing directly with mining, applicable material from other areas of research is included for those 
categories in which little research has been done in mining. Each record in HFMSS can be recalled by 
any field such as title, author, date, source, descriptive terms or key words, as well as by any words found 
in an abstract that describes the purpose, procedure, and results of the research. This report describes 
HFMSS fields and subject categories, the annotated bibliography, user's manual, and thesaurus of key 
words. Example printouts in both brief and full formats are included as an appendix. 



Research physicist, 
technical information specialist. 
Pittsburgh Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA. 



INTRODUCTION 



"Human factors," the term most used in the United 
States and Canada (elsewhere this field is called ergo- 
nomics), can be most simply defined as designing for 
human use. A more detailed definition is the systematic 
application of relevant information about human char- 
acteristics, abilities, expectations, and behaviors to the 
design of machines, tools, facilities, procedures, and 
environments that people use. The goal of human factors 
is to enhance the operating efficiency and the health and 
safety of the people using the system. 

As part of its mission to promote health and safety in 
mining, the Bureau of Mines has developed a computer- 
ized information retrieval system called the Human Fac- 
tors in Mining Search System (HFMSS). The original title 
of the project was "Feasibility Study of a Mine Safety and 
Health Information System." The initial objectives were to 
identify user interest and information needs and to develop 
recommendations on the feasibility and priorities of infor- 
mation to be included in the system. On March 24, 1983, 
a joint committee of Bureau and Mine Safety and Health 
Administration (MSHA) personnel reviewed the project 
proposal and recommended that it be initiated. The joint 
committee also recommended certain modifications in the 
project proposal, which were made, and the project was 
retitled "Research To Establish a Mine Safety and Health 
Information System." The objective was "to research 
current industry needs for and implement an information 
retrieval system designed to provide effective human 
factors information and assistance to the mining industry. 
This is to be accomplished through a literature search, 
determination of industry needs, etc." This project was 
part of a larger project called "Reduction of Human Error 
Accidents in Underground Mining," a subject of great 
interest since numerous investigations have shown that 
most industrial accidents result from human error. Fund- 
ing was allocated for the project, and work commenced in 
October 1983. 

The initial task was to find out if there was any interest 
within the mining community in having a mine safety and 
health information system in general, and a human factors 
in mining information system in particular. Accordingly,. 
81 persons were contacted on this subject. They repre- 
sented the following organizations or disciplines (the 
numbers in parentheses are the number of persons within 
the particular organization who discussed this matter): 
Bureau of Mines (8), MSHA (6), mining equipment design 
engineers (13), industrial firms that have or have had 
Government contracts (6), coal mine managers (4), coal 
mine safety engineers (10), metal and nonmetal mine 
safety engineers (8), information system specialists 
(14), universities (10), and associations (2). Both surface 
and underground mining experts were included. The most 
important overall conclusions based on these discussions 
were 

1. There is a real need for a human factors mining in- 
formation system since companies in general are not aware 



of the advantages to be gained in applying human factors 
to their mining operations and to equipment design and 
since no existing data base fulfills their requirement. 

2. A major shortcoming in developing and implement- 
ing an overall safety and health information system is that 
the large majority of the functions such a system would 
include are already being covered. For instance, the 
Beckley Academy of MSHA has its Educational Materials 
Search System (EMSS), which focuses on training materi- 
als; the MSHA Health and Safety Analysis Center (HSAC) 
gathers and interprets mining accident statistics; the 
Bureau's research centers provide guidance and informa- 
tion to industry in the centers' research areas, and the 
Bureau's Pittsburgh Research Center has a Mining Re- 
search Management Information System (MRMIS), which 
lists approximately 6,000 Bureau publications. 

3. The commercially available occupational health (and 
sometimes safety) information systems basically keep 
records on the health and accidents of employees, toxic 
chemicals, hazardous equipment, etc., and perform 
bookkeeping-type functions; they are usually large and 
expensive and are not applicable to the type of information 
system wanted for this project. 

4. Safety engineers and managers at minesites are 
primarily interested in practical information and personal 
guidance that will help them in solving day-to-day 
problems. 

5. Most mining people are rather vague in their under- 
standing of what ergonomics or human factors is. 

6. By having a human factors in mining information 
system available, Government and university personnel will 
be better able to inform mining company supervisory and 
safety engineers and equipment design engineers of ways 
to improve their safety and productivity through applica- 
tions of human factors. 

7. The greatest interest in a mining (not just safety and 
health) information system is from individuals involved in 
research or its applications, who work for the Government, 
at universities, with contractors, or on equipment design. 
Among the things they want to know is what is being done 
in and will be coming out of research and development 
projects. Even practical mining company people show an 
interest in finding out how they can use research results in 
solving or at least alleviating their problems. Some want 
to have access to references on literature dealing with an 
area or problem they are interested in. 

8. A number of these contacts do not believe that the 
Government is disseminating information as effectively as 
it could on the results of its in-house and contract research 
and development. A frequent complaint is that the length 
of time is takes the Bureau to make the results of its re- 
search known to the mining industry is much too long. 

9. As more mining personnel become computer know- 
ledgeable and increasingly aware of the importance of 
human factors considerations in all areas of mining from 
equipment design to organizational and management prac- 
tices, the greater the interest will be in a computerized 



human factors in mining information system. In fact, such 
a system could potentially enhance the application of 
human factors to mine planning and problems and to 
research along human factors lines. 

Thus, a human factors in mining computerized in- 
formation system was feasible and was of particular 
interest at this time to the following: 

• Bureau personnel doing in-house research and/or 
monitoring contract research. 

• Bureau and MSHA personnel who provide informa- 
tion or assistance to the mining industry. 

• Mining company employees, who can alleviate or 
solve problems amenable to the application of human 
factors methods. 

• Equipment or hand tool designers, who can improve 
or significantly alter present designs by using human 
factors principles. 

• Educators and trainers needing a source of 
information. 

Once the desirability of a human factors in mining 
computerized information system had been determined, 
the next step was to find out what had been done in the 
design of information systems, what systems presently 
operating would satisfy the requirements for a human 
factors in mining data base, and where these systems were 
located. The basic criteria for the system were 

• Ability to store and have viewed on a screen and/or 
in printed form records that would include title, author, 
source of the material, contract number (when appro- 
priate), type of publication, date, descriptive terms or key 
words, an abstract, and other pertinent data! 

• Ability to update or edit the records using the 
format above. 



• Potential ability to be accessed through a dial-in 
terminal. 

• Lowest possible cost as long as the system fulfilled 
the above requirements. 

• Ease and quickness of installation. 

The "Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Ser- 
vices" 3 alphabetically lists all of the information systems 
operating in the United States at the time of its publication 
and gives the name and address of each system, a descrip- 
tion of it, the scope and/or subject matter, holdings and 
storage media, publications, clientele and availability, and 
contact persons. Several systems were applicable to the 
needs of the human factors in mining system. 

Among these was the POISE Data Management System 
(DMS Plus), 4 which runs on a Digital Equipment Corp. 
(DEC) VAX series of computers using VAX/VMS as the 
operating system, and which met all of the criteria given 
above. It is a collection of about 25 generalized programs 
that enable the user to input, store, move, manipulate, and 
retrieve information in alphabetic or numeric form. The 
maximum number of characters (letters, numbers, sym- 
bols) for all of the fields for each record or entry is 2,047, 
exclusive of the names of the fields (title, author, date, 
etc.). The minimum number of characters that can be 
used for an entry is 31. The POISE system was being in- 
stalled at the Bureau's Pittsburgh Research Center and 
was also being used by the MSHA's National Mine Health 
and Safety Academy, the West Virginia Department of 
Mines, and the West Virginia University's Mining Exten- 
sion Service. Hence, POISE was readily available, and 
HFMSS could eventually become part of a system incorpo- 
rating several other data bases without running into prob- 
lems of software incompatibility. 



CATEGORIES 



As Bureau publications, magazine articles, papers from 
seminars and conferences, etc. were gathered, it became 
apparent that in terms of the Bureau's human factors 
research program, these publications fell into rather well- 
defined topic categories. Some covered more than one 
category, but this was taken into consideration by listing 
more than one category in the descriptive terms field and 
assigning the record or entry to the category that seemed 
most important with respect to the entry. Some dealt with 
human factors in a general way, so a category to include 
these was titled "human factors". This utilization of 
categories would enable users of HFMSS to understand 
more quickly and easily what subjects were encompassed 
by the data base and to determine more readily what they 
wanted to retrieve from the system. This subdivision of 
HFMSS into categories would also be an aid in literature 



searches, including accessing computerized data bases, and 
would make it easier to talk with experts to ensure that all 
of the significant material relevant to mining had been 
entered under a particular category. The 19 categories 
decided upon and their accession number ranges (an 
accession number is the number assigned to a record when 
it is entered into the computer) are shown in table 1. 

For each entry in HFMSS, the category to which it is 
assigned comes first in the descriptive terms field. This 
highlights what the particular reference emphasizes. 



3 Gale Research Co., 1981, 933 pp. 

4 Reference to specific products does not imply endorsement by the 
Bureau of Mines. 



Table 1 .-Categories and 

Accession number 
range 

1-500 

501-1000 

1001-1500 

1501-2000 

2001-2500 

2501-3000 

3001-3500 

3501-4000 

4001-4500 

4501-5000 

5501-6000 

6001-6500 

6501-7000 

7001-7500 

7501-8000 

8001-8500 

8501-9000 

9001-9500 

9501-10000 



accession number ranges for HFMSS 

Category name 

Anthropometrics, biomechanics, and work 
physiology. 

Cost-benefit analysis. 

Equipment: auditory devices, canopies, 
controls, operator compartments, 
visual displays. 

Female miners and female workers. 

Hand tools. 

Human error and human reliability. 

Human factors: applications, methods, 
principles, studies. 

Illumination. 

Job or work design, and task analysis. 

Manual materials handling, and 
back injuries. 

Noise: control, effects, measurement, 
standards. 

Organizational and management practices. 

Personal protective equipment and clothing. 

Psychological factors: absenteeism, 
behavior modification, incentive 
plans, job satisfaction, motivation, 
stress, turnover. 

Safety assessment methods. 

Thermal stress. 

Training: cost effectiveness, methods, 
principles, results, studies. 

Vibration: machinery, tool, limbs, 
whole body. 

Visibility. 



FIELDS 



An entry or record in HFMSS consists of 58 fields. A 
field is defined as some specified number of adjacent 
character positions (digit, alphabetic letter, or special 
symbol), which can contain a single data element or item 
of information. In a POISE data file, a field is a speci- 
fied location in a record to store a single data element. 
Table 2 shows the pertinent information on the HFMSS 
fields. 

An explanation of the column headings in table 2 is as 
follows: 



1. The field number refers to the number used to 
identify the field in the POISE file, in this case an HFMSS 
record being the file. For instance, "Title line 1" is field 4 
and "Title line 2" is field 5. 

2. The field location gives the positions available for 
the characters that make up the fields within a single 
record. For instance, the field 'Author(s)" is assigned 
character positions 158 through 227, although the name(s) 
may not require this much space. 



Table 2.-HFMSS fields 



Number 



Location 


Length in 




characters 


1,5 


5 


6,11 


6 


12,17 


6 


18,87 


70 


88,157 


70 


158,227 


70 


228,231 


4 


232,234 


3 


235,236 


2 


237,266 


30 


267,291 


25 


292,300 


9 


301,305 


5 


306,306 




307,307 




308,308 




309,309 




310,310 




311,311 




312,312 




313,313 




314,314 




315,315 




316,316 




317,317 




318,328 


11 


329,333 


5 


334,337 


4 


338,342 


5 


343,347 


4 


348,422 


75 


423,497 


75 


498,567 


70 


568,637 


70 


638,707 


70 


708,777 


70 


778,847 


70 


848,917 


70 


918,987 


70 


988,1057 


70 


1058,1127 


70 


1128,1197 


70 


1198,1267 


70 


1268,1337 


70 


1338,1407 


70 


1408,1477 


70 


1478,1547 


70 


1548,1617 


70 


1618,1687 


70 


1688,1757 


70 


1758,1827 


70 


1828,1897 


70 


1898,1967 


70 


1968,2037 


70 


18,157 


140 


348,497 


150 


498,1267 


770 


1268,2037 


770 



Name 



Code 



1 . 

2 . 

3 . 

4 . 

5 . 

6 . 

7 . 

8 . 

9 . 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 

24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 



Accession number . . . 


.AN 


Entry date 


.ENTRY DATE 


Review date 


.REVIEW DATE 


Title line 1 


.TITLE1 


Title line 2 


.TITLE2 


Author(s) 


.AUTHOR 


Month and year 


.PUB DAT 


published. 




Volume number 


.VOL 


Issue number 


.NO 


Source 


.SOURCE 


Contractor address . . . 


.CONT ADD 


Contract number 


.CONT NO 


Bureau research center 


.BU RES CTR 


Contract final flag .... 


.FINAL FLAG 


Contract phase flag . . . 


.PHASE FLAG 


RFP flag 


.RFP FLAG 


Bureau series flag .... 


.USBM FLAG 


Journal article flag . . . 


JOURN FLAG 


Manual, guide flag . . . 


.MANUAL FLAG 


Rules, laws flag 


.LAWS FLAG 


Seminars, training flag 


.SEMI FLAG 


MSHA series flag .... 


.MSHA FLAG 


Federal agency, 


.FED FLAG 


not Bureau, MSHA. 




Foreign flag 


.FOR FLAG 


Miscellaneous flag . . . 


.MISC FLAG 


NTIS number 


.NTIS 


OFR number 


.OFR 


Other number 


.OTHER 


Start page 


.START PAGE 


Length 


.LENGTH 


Terms line 1 


.TERMS1 


Terms line 2 


.TERMS2 


Abstract line 1 


.ABSTRACT1 


Abstract line 2 


.ABSTRACT2 


Abstract line 3 


.ABSTRACT3 


Abstract line 4 


.ABSTRACT4 


Abstract line 5 


.ABSTRACT5 


Abstract line 6 


.ABSTRACT6 


Abstract line 7 


.ABSTRACT7 


Abstract line 8 


.ABSTRACT8 


Abstract line 9 


.ABSTRACT9 


Abstract line 10 


.ABSTRACT 10 


Abstract line 11 


.ABSTRACT 11 


Abstract line 12 


.ABSTRACT 12 


Abstract line 13 


.ABSTRACT13 


Abstract line 14 


.ABSTRACT14 


Abstract line 15 


.ABSTRACT15 


Abstract line 16 


.ABSTRACT16 


Abstract line 17 


.ABSTRACT17 


Abstract line 18 


.ABSTRACT18 


Abstract line 19 


.ABSTRACT19 


Abstract line 20 


.ABSTRACT20 


Abstract line 21 


.ABSTRACT21 


Abstract line 22 


.ABSTRACT22 


Full title 


.TITLE 


Full terms 


TERMS 


Half abstract 1 


.ABSTRACT1 


Half abstract 2 


.ABSTRACT2 



3. Field length in characters refers to the maximum 
number of characters the field can use. This is found 
by subtracting the smaller number under field location 
from the larger number and adding 1. The 1 is added 
since the field location starts with the lower number 
and includes the higher number. In the above example 
of "Author(s)," the maximum number of alphabetic letters, 
periods, apostrophes, spaces, etc. this field can use is 
(227 - 158) + 1 = 70. 

4. The field name is what the particular field is called 
in HFMSS. The field names are discussed below. 

5. The field code is what has been entered in POISE 
to represent the various field names. The field code can 
be used instead of the field number when performing a 
search. The period (.) must always precede the field code, 
since this is a requirement of POISE. 

The field names have the following meanings: 

1. Accession number.-The number given to the record 
by the person who enters the record into HFMSS. Each 
entry is first assigned to 1 of the 19 categories given in the 
previous section of this report and then given the next 
unused number within the accession range of that category. 
For example, if the last number that was used under the 
"Training" category was 8563, then the new entry would be 
assigned accession number 8564. There is no particular 
sequence within a category, accession numbers being solely 
dependent upon when the publication is recorded in 
HFMSS. In a few cases, a duplicate publication entry was 
deleted and the accession number reused for a later entry. 

2. Entry date.-The month, day, and year the publi- 
cation is entered into HFMSS. Numbers only are used, 
with a slash (/) between the month and day, and day and 
year. For example, 04/25/85 means April 25, 1985. 

3. Review date.-An estimated time to look at the entry 
and decide whether it should be retained in HFMSS. The 
review date is exactly 1 year later than the entry date for 
the record. In the above example under 2, it would 
be 04/25/86. 

4 and 5. Title line 1 and title line 2.-The title of the 
publication. Two lines (140 characters) are reserved for 
those cases in which the title is long. 

6. Author (s) -The author (s) of the publication. Only 
one line (70 characters) is reserved for this field. In the 
few instances where there are several authors, "et al." is 
used after the first two or three names. 

7. Month and year published.— The month and year in 
which the record was published. For books, in which only 
the year is given, and for a few other publications in which 
no month is given, no month is entered. 

8. Volume number— If it is available, and if a magazine 
is the source of the publication. 

9. Issue number -If it is available, and if a magazine is 
the source of the publication. 



10. Source— Where the publication came from. This 
generally is the name of either the contractor or the orga- 
nization that did the work if the entry is a final or phase 
contract report, or the name of the magazine if it is an 
article. 

11. Contractor address,— The city, State, and zip code 
for the contractor or, in some cases, the Government 
agency responsible for the work. 

12. Contract number.-The Bureau contract or grant 
number when appropriate. 

13. Bureau research center.-The Bureau research 
center that monitored the contract. v 

14 through 25.-Flags.-The word "flag" as defined for 
computer applications is a variable used in a computer 
program to indicate whether a condition has occurred. In 
this case, it means whether or not a mark (such as X) 
is entered in the field. The following flags are used in 
HFMSS. 



Flag 

Contract final . 
Contract phase 

RFP 

Bureau series . 



Journal article 
Manual, guide 
Rules, laws . . 



Seminars, training 

MSHA series . . . 
Federal agency, not 

Bureau, MSHA. 
Foreign 



Miscellaneous 



X indicates 

Contract final report. 
Contract phase report. 
Request for Proposal. 
Bureau publication (Information 

Circular, Report of Investigations, 

etc.). 
Journal or magazine article. 
Manual or guide for users. 
Publication detailing mining rules 

or laws 
Publication dealing with seminar, 

conference, or training course. 
MSHA publication. 
Federal publication, other than 

those of the Bureau and MSHA. 
Foreign publication (magazine, 

conference proceedings, book, 

etc.). 
Publication that does not fall under 

any of the other types. (There 

are very few of these). 



26. NTIS number.-The report number for a 
publication available from National Technical Information 
Service (NTIS). 

27. OFR number .-If the report is on open file at the 
Bureau, the OFR number is given (when it is listed in the 
report). Open file reports are available for inspection at 
Bureau research center libraries. 

28. Other number.-In some cases, such as for other 
Federal agency reports, a contract or report number is 
available and is entered in this field. 



29. Start page -For a journal article, a paper in con- 
ference proceedings, or a talk from a technology transfer 
seminar, this is the page where the article begins. For a 
book or report, the start page is always given as 1. 

30. Length.-For a journal article, a paper in con- 
ference proceedings, or a talk from a technology transfer 
seminar, this is the page where the article ends. For a 
book or report, this is the total number of pages in the 
publication. 

31 and 32.— Terms line 1 and terms line 2— The descrip- 
tive terms or key words for the publication are given on 
these two lines. A total of 150 characters is reserved for 
the descriptive terms. The first term under fields 31 and 
32 is always the name of one of the 19 categories discussed 
in a previous section. 

33 through 54.-Abstract lines 1 through 22.-The ab- 
stract is broken down into purpose, procedure, and results 
of the work. However, no particular number of char- 
acters is reserved for each of these parts. This permits 
flexibility in preparing the abstract part of the entry, 
since the amount of space devoted to each of the three 
parts of the abstract can be varied, depending on what 
should be stressed for the particular publication. The only 



restriction is that the abstract as a whole cannot exceed 
1,540 characters. 

55. Full title.-This field combines fields 4 and 5, which 
permits a search based on the title of a publication to be 
carried out in one step. Otherwise, two steps would be 
needed, one instructing the computer to search field 4 and 
another telling it to simultaneously search field 5. 

56. Full terms.-This field combines fields 31 and 32, 
which permits a search based on both lines of the de- 
scriptive terms for a publication in one step rather than 
two steps. 

57. Half abstract l.-This field combines fields 33 
through 43, which permits a search for a particular word(s) 
or term(s) on the first 11 lines of the abstract in one step. 
The POISE system does not permit a search in one step 
on the entire abstract. However, the entire abstract 
can be searched at one time by entering 57 (or AB- 
STRACT1) the first time the field is requested and 58 (or 
ABSTRACT2) the second time. 

58. Half abstract 2.-This field combines fields 44 
through 54, which permits a search for a particular word(s) 
or term(s) on lines 12 through 22 of the Abstract. 



ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 



The annotated bibliography 5 is a compendium of 
634 abstracts of mining or mining-applicable documents 
pertaining to human factors. These were printed out as 
they are stored in the HFMSS computerized data base. 
For convenience, the original 19 categories were combined 
into 10 subject areas and the abstracts grouped as fol- 
lows: (1) anthropometrics, work physiology, and manual 
materials handling, (2) equipment, (3) female miners 
and female workers, (4) human error and human reli- 
ability, (5) environmental factors, (6) human factors, 
(7) psychological factors, (8) personal protective equipment 
and clothing, and hand tools,, (9) job or work design, task 
analysis, and organizational and management practices, 
and (10) training. 

The abstracts in this bibliography represent a majority 
of publications from 1969 through part of 1986 on human 
factors in mining and the most significant mining- 
applicable publications dealing with human factors for the 
same time period. All of these abstracts are located in 
and retrievable from HFMSS. Another 116 publications 
have been entered in HFMSS since the bibliography was 
assembled, and approximately 350 more are awaiting entry. 

The types of documents selected to be abstracted are 
restricted to those relating to the 10 subject areas listed 
above. Each of the subject areas contains both publica- 
tions dealing specifically with mining and publications that 
are applicable to m inin g and offer important information 
not to be found in mining reports. More specifically, if 



Aiken, E. G., and R, S. Fowkes. Human Factors in Mining: An 
Annotated Bibliography. BuMines OFR 19-89, 1987, 640 pp. 



numerous mining publications are available for a particular 
category (such as illumination or noise), then the bulk of 
the material entered into HFMSS for that category deals 
with mining. However, if there is insufficient material 
having to do with mining published for a particular cate- 
gory (such as human error, hand tools, female miners, and 
task analysis), then the literature is searched for the most 
relevant publications from other industries (defense, 
nuclear, aerospace, manufacturing, etc.). 

The reports in section 1 of the annotated bibliography 
are concerned with anthropometrics, work physiology, and 
manual materials handling, topics that are interrelated. 
Anthropometrics deals with the measurement of physical 
features of the body, including linear dimensions and 
weight and volume. The measurements obtained are used 
to design tools, components, equipment, and facilities to fit 
people in terms of such features as body dimensions, arm 
and leg reach, and movements. Manual materials handling 
has to do with the movement of mining materials through 
physical effort and with back injuries (causes, prevention, 
alleviation, etc.). Biomechanics and work physiology enter 
into considerations of how to handle supplies and materials 
most efficiently and safely. 

The reports in section 2, equipment, describe a wide 
range of safety devices for use on mining equipment, 
designed from a human engineering aspect to improve the 
miner's safety, performance, and comfort. A variety of 
components and systems are discussed for application in 
different seam heights and for both underground and 
surface mines. 

Section 3 reports concern the female miner, her needs 
that differ from those of males with respect to personal 



protective equipment and clothing and hand tools and in 
terms of the working environment. Since there have been 
only a limited number of studies with respect to female 
miners but numerous investigations and applications rela- 
tive to other blue-collar female workers, a number of these 
abstracts have to do with female workers in industries such 
as manufacturing. Information contained in the reports on 
female workers in other industries is of interest to those 
involved with the problems of female miners. 

Section 4 contains publications on both human error 
and its opposite, human reliability. Many of these deal 
with techniques for reducing accidents in mining as well as 
in other industries. Several reports deal with under- 
standing what human error is and its causes, in an attempt 
to find methods to reduce its occurrence. Material having 
to do with human reliability delves into such subjects as 
the development of system reliability evaluation models, 
ways to integrate human and equipment reliabilities, and 
trends in reliability analysis. Theories and mathematical 
models of human error and human reliability are dealt 
with in some publications. The nuclear power industry and 
the armed services have especially investigated this subject 
area. 

Section 5 deals with environmental factors, such as illu- 
mination, visibility, noise, and vibration, as they affect the 
miner's health and safety. The Bureau has long been ac- 
tive in this area and has published numerous reports on 
the results of both in-house and contract research. Some 
of the investigations have been for the purpose of estab- 
lishing Federal guidelines and legislation for acceptable 
levels of illumination and noise in the mining industry. 

Section 6, human factors, focuses on the human- 
machine-environment system. The goal of human factors 
is to enhance the operational efficiency and the health and 
safety of the miners or workers in general. Reports pre- 
sent methods and results of human factors research and, 
in the case of mining, discuss human-factors-related prob- 
lems in coal and metal-nonmetal mining, surface and 
underground, and give recommendations for research to 
alleviate these problems. 

Section 7, psychological factors, is concerned with a 
variety of factors that belong to the realm of human psy- 
chology. Examples are absenteeism, behavior modifica- 
tion, employee assistance programs, incentive plans, job 
satisfaction, motivation, stress, and employee turnover. 
There has been considerable attention given to some of 



these, such as absenteeism and incentive plans, in both 
mining and nonmining in attempts to improve both safety 
and productivity. 

Section 8, personal protective equipment and clothing, 
and hand tools, deals with research and development 
studies on such mining items as headgear, outer garments, 
respirators, cap lamps, gloves, kneepads, boots, helmets, 
ear protection, eye protection, and battery packs. Little 
formal research on hand tools for mining has been done, 
except to a limited extent by the National Coal Board in 
the United Kingdom and by the Bureau of Mines. Thus 
most of the entries on hand tools come from research and 
applications done for industries other than mining. Topics 
include ergonomic principles for hand tool design, powered 
hand tools for use at the coal face, and analysis of hand 
tool injuries in underground mining. 

Section 9 includes reports on job or work design, task 
analysis, and organizational and management practices. 
Job design and redesign from the human factors point of 
view stresses making the job fit the worker insofar as 
feasible, rather than trying to make the worker fit the 
job. Much of what is done in human factors depends on 
thorough task analyses of jobs. The results of these 
analyses can lead to the redesign of jobs, equipment modi- 
fications, or the development of improved equipment or 
tools. It is well known that organizational and manage- 
ment practices affect productivity, absenteeism, job satis- 
faction, and a host of other worker-related factors. Only 
a few reports contained in this section deal with mining, 
since so little work has been done in this area by the 
mining community, as contrasted to such other industries 
as aerospace, nuclear, manufacturing, and defense. 

Section 10 is concerned with training as it relates to im- 
proving health, safety, and productivity in mining. Material 
entered deals with such topics as new-hire and refresher 
training, on-the-job training (OJT), task analysis applica- 
tions to training, the cost effectiveness of training, utiliza- 
tion of learning theory and research results in developing 
and applying training courses and programs, and methods 
and results of conducting field evaluations in order to 
upgrade health, safety, and occupational training. Many 
of the publications come from mining research, but there 
are numerous others from fields other than mining that 
should be of interest to those concerned with training mine 
workers and supervisors. 



USER'S MANUAL 



The user's manual 6 explains how to search the HFMSS 
data base. A search of HFMSS can in general be done 
using a POISE program called SORT. Any of the fields 
discussed under the FIELDS section of this report can be 
searched by using either the field number or the field 



rowkes, R. S. User's Guide for the Human Factors in Mining 
Search System (HFMSS). BuMines OFR 21-89, 1987, 33 pp. 



code. The entries retrieved can then be viewed on the 
screen and selected ones printed out. There are also pro- 
grams that allow the user to print all of the entries in 
HFMSS, for example, by sequential accession number 
(thus showing the entries by category as discussed in the 
"CATEGORIES" section of this report) or in alphabetical 
order. In this case, other fields can also be listed for each 
record, such as title and author (s). 



The user's manual consists of the following sections: 

Introduction 

Definitions of terms 

Categories 

Fields 

Thesaurus of most common key words 

How to search on one key word 

General method 

Displaying records retrieved 

Printing records retrieved 

Example search on one key word 
How to search on two or more key words 

General method 

Example search on two key words 
Discussion 
Appendix.~Examples of retrieved records 

Brief format 

Entire record as stored in HFMSS 

The introduction briefly discusses HFMSS and what the 
manual enables the user to do. 

The "Definition of Terms" section is a glossary that 
contains 21 terms that have to do with either a POISE 
program, HFMSS, or computers. The terms are listed 
alphabetically and defined. 

The "Categories" section gives the 19 categories into 
which HFMSS is divided and the accession number range 
for each category. 

The "Fields" section gives the number, name, and code 
for each of the fields making up an HFMSS entry. 
Information contained in this section is needed to retrieve 
entries from HFMSS. 



The thesaurus included with the manual consists of a 
list of the most important words that appear in the de- 
scriptive terms fields of HFMSS. Only those words that 
are found a sufficient number of times in the descriptive 
terms and/or abstracts and represent an area of consider- 
able interest are listed. (A much more extensive the- 
saurus is discussed under the "Thesaurus" section of this 
report.) 

The "How to Search on One Key Word" section gives 
a step-by-step method for retrieving entries by searching 
any field in the HFMSS entries, viewing those retrieved 
on a screen, and printing selected entries from those re- 
trieved. Everything that will appear on the user's screen 
and what to type in is presented. The user is then led 
through an example using a descriptive term found in 
HFMSS. 

The "How to Search on Two or More Key Words" sec- 
tion shows in detail how the user can search on two or 
more fields or two or more descriptive terms at the same 
time. The user is then led through an example using two 
descriptive terms found in HFMSS. 

The user's manual appendix contains printouts of sev- 
eral records in the brief (accession number, title, author, 
descriptive terms) and full (entire record as it appears in 
HFMSS) formats. 

The manual requires the user to type in either the field 
number or field code for each field that will be searched. 
It also requires the user to follow a long series of steps to 
do a search, view, and print. The steps are not compli- 
cated, and with the manual and the example, it is not diffi- 
cult for a user to do the search, view, and print. 



THESAURUS 



As used in computer technology, a thesaurus is an in- 
dex to information stored in a computer. The HFMSS 
thesaurus 7 was developed to help the user retrieve in- 
formation from the computerized data base. It has a uni- 
form subject arrangement and was structured to provide 
a basic cross-reference subject term vocabulary. Not only 
does the thesaurus permit the retrieval of information 
from any desired document or series of documents in 
HFMSS, it also provides a basic human factors technolo- 
gical vocabulary that can serve as a resource to others with 
similar interests in the mining industry. It is a unique 
report in terms of presenting a vocabulary that applies to 
all the areas of human factors related to mining. 

Some 1,500 to 2,000 search terms, designated as key 
words or descriptors, were generated during the ab- 
stracting of material entered into HFMSS and are 

7 Aiken, E. G. A Thesaurus of Human Factors in Mining Termi- 
nology. BuMines OFR 20-89, 1986, 86 pp. 



contained in the thesaurus. Figures 1 through 4 show 
examples of the four different arrangements used in the 
thesaurus to present the subject term vocabulary. Figure 1 
lists all the possible choices of key words or descriptors for 
category 1, "Anthropometrics, Biomechanics, and Work 
Physiology." The thesaurus presents this information for 
all 19 categories. Figure 2 illustrates the letter A entries 
(and beginning of the B entries) in the main part of the 
thesaurus, which is a composite, alphabetical listing of all 
the key words found in the descriptive terms field of an 
HFMSS entry. Figure 3 is an example of a listing by 
accession number of all of the key words for a record in 
HFMSS. Accession number is defined in detail in the sec- 
tion of this present report called "Fields." Figure 4 shows 
the first part of a comprehensive index given in the 
thesaurus of all key words in selected subject categories, 
which is essentially an expansion of the listing in figure 1, 
using all of the corresponding abstract numbers as well. 



10 



Category 



Category 
subject 



Key words or descriptors 



Accession 
numbers 



Anthropometrics 
biomechanics, and 
work physiology 



Aerobic capacity 

Back injuries 

Biomechanics 

Biorhythms 

Carts 

Circadian rhythm 

Computer 

Controls 

Dynamic modeling 

Emergencies 

Energy expenditure 

Equipment design 

Ergonomics 

Exercise 

Female miners 

Hand tools 

Heart rate 

Human factors 

Isometrics 

Job design 

Jogging 

Lifting 

Low coal 

Lower limbs 

Male miners 

Man-machine interface 

Manual materials handling 

Miners 

Modeling 

Nutrition 

Performance 

Physical effort 

Physical forces 

Physical stress 

Pulling 

Pushing 

Simulation 

Strength 

Task analysis 

Task simulation 

Underground coal mine 

Walking 

Work capacity 

Work load 



1-19 



Figure 1 .-Example of thesaurus key words or descriptors listed by subject category. 



11 



A 

absenteeism 
absorptive materials 
acceleration 
accident analysis 
accident causes 
accident modeling 
accident modes 
accident prediction 
accident reduction 
accident statistics 
accidents 
acclimatization 
acoustic capacity 
acoustic couplers 
acoustic evaluation 
acoustic imaging 
acoustic instruments 
aerobic capacity 
aerospace industry 
age 

aircraft 

aircraft accidents 
air-powered tools 



air traffic control systems 
air stream helmet 
alcoholism 
alertness 
analysis 

analytical theory 
anthropometrics 
area lighting 
attenuation 
attitudes 
audio dosimeter 
audiometry 
auditory defects 
auger miner 
automated database 
automation 
awards 
B 
back injuries 
ballasts 
battery 
battery cord 



Figure 2.-Example of thesaurus key words or descriptors in 
alphabetical order. 



12 



Category 1 - Anthropometrics, biomechanics, and work physiology 

Accession number Key words or descriptors 

1 Anthropometrics, male miners, female miners, job 

design, equipment design, low coal, underground 
coal mining. 

2 Anthropometrics, work physiology, materials handling, 

strength, physical effort, ergonomics, human factors. 

3 Anthropometrics, lifting, work physiology. 

4 Anthropometrics, strength, female workers, 

biomechanics, ergonomics, human factors. 

5 Anthropometrics, biomechanics, work physiology, 

female miners, male miners, strength, work capacity, 
task analysis, energy expenditure, low coal mining. 

6 Anthropometrics, biomechanics, lower limbs, walking. 

7 Anthropometrics, hand tools, biomechanics, man- 

machine interface, controls, physical stress. 

8 Anthropometrics, biomechanics, work physiology, 

nutrition, aerobic capacity, strength, female miners, 
male miners, job design, equipment, mining. 

9 Anthropometrics, biomechanics, pushing, pulling, 

carts, simulation. 

10 Anthropometrics, female workers, male workers, 

strength, isometrics, job design, back injuries, lifting. 

11 Anthropometrics, biomechanics, manual materials 

handling, strength, job design, human factors. 

12 Anthropometrics, work physiology, heart rate, 

exercise, stress, circadian rhythms. 

13 Anthropometrics, work physiology, stress, computer, 

exercise, performance, oxygen uptake, heart rate. 

14 Work physiology, physical working capacity, exercise, 

statistics, factor analysis. 

Figure 3.-Example of thesaurus key words or descriptors listed in alphanumeric 
sequence by individual accession numbers. 



13 



Key word or descriptor Accession numbers 

Absenteeism 7006,7018,7023,7044,7045,7048, 

7054,7064,7008,7049,7050,7051, 
7052,7053,7068,4012 

Anthropometrics 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, 

15,16,17,18,19,4507,4510,4513, 
4514,4517,1008,1076,1503,1504, 
1507,1520,1521,1522,3002,3008, 
3039,3062,6501,6512 

Attitudes 3010,7002,7005,7018,7021,7028, 

7035,7045,7047,7055,7065,7067, 
7039,4017,4012,8587,8565 

Back injuries 10,4504,4509,4505,4506,4510,4511, 

4512,4514,4518,4519,4520,4521, 
4522,4523,4524,4525,4526,4527, 
4528,4530,4545,1508,1516,1525, 
7066,8598,4536,4538,4539,4541, 
4543,4536,17 

Back pain 4536,4538,4539,4541,4543 

Back stress 4536,17 

Behavior 2514,2530,2532,2533,2534,2535,7006, 

7028,7035,7066,7033,7034,7037, 
7038,7039,7068,8550,8591,7063 

Behavior modification . 7008,7034,7037,7038,7039,6004, 

8521,8565 

Biomechanics 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,17,19,4509,4501 

4510,4511,4513,4514,4515,4517 
4521,4524,4536,4543,1007,1042 
3002,3011,3009,3014,3027,2019 

Boredom 7045 

Canopies 1012,1013,1016,1017,1018,1019, 

1021,1027,1028,1041,1064,1066, 
1004,1005,1011,1014,1015 

Controls 1001,1007,1010,1036,1042,1054, 

1055,1056,1057,1069,3003,3016, 
3030,3039,3008,3009 

Cost benefit analysis . . 7019,503,504,514,515,516,509, 

510,511,512,8599,8560,8561, 
8562,8567,8568,8578 

Cost effectiveness 3530,3025,8560,8561,8578 



Figure 4.-Example of thesaurus accession numbers associated 
with each key word or descriptor. 



14 



SUMMARY 



The Human Factors in Mining Search System (HFMSS) 
was developed primarily because knowledgeable persons in 
the mining industry-from Government agencies, mining 
equipment design companies, operating coal and metal- 
nonmetal mines, and universities— believed that such a 
computerized information retrieval system would benefit 
researchers, trainers, equipment designers, safety engi- 
neers, and production personnel. In addition to HFMSS 
itself, the following were prepared relevant to HFMSS to 
stimulate more interest in the adoption of human factors 
or ergonomics principles and methods by the mining 
community: 

1. Annotated bibliography: Consists of an overall 
introduction, 10 human factors category sections with 
printouts of over 600 entries as they appear in HFMSS, a 
brief introduction to each of these 10 sections, and an 
index. 

2. User's manual: Tells the user what HFMSS and the 
POISE Data Management System are and gives detailed 
instructions on how to access and retrieve information 
from HFMSS. Also includes a thesaurus of the most 
important words found in the descriptive terms field of 
each entry, a glossary defining relevant computer terms 



and applicable POISE programs, and example printouts 
of HFMSS records in both a brief (accession number, ti- 
tle, author, and descriptive terms only) and a complete 
(all of the fields of the entry as it appears in HFMSS) 
format. 

3. Thesaurus: Gives all of the descriptive terms found 
in HFMSS entries (at the time the annotated bibliography 
was compiled) in several formats so that these terms can 
be looked at relative to categories and accession numbers. 
Also lists all of the terms alphabetically and by accession 
number. 

The HFMSS can be accessed by persons outside the 
Bureau by contacting Becky Farley, National Mine Health 
and Safety Academy, Learning Resource Center, P.O. Box 
1166, Beckley, WV 25802-1166, telephone (304) 256-3226. 
She will provide information on accessing HFMSS and a 
users' guide. She will also, if requested, provide a users' 
guide for EMSS. The training category of HFMSS 
contains information on principles, methods, and research 
results that supplement EMSS, which references training 
materials only. 

It is planned to update HFMSS periodically so that it 
does not become obsolete. 



15 

APPENDIX.-EXAMPLE PRINTOUTS-BRIEF AND FULL-ENTRY FORMATS 

BRIEF FORMAT 

ACCESSION NUMBER : 5 
TITLE : 

MINING IN LOW COAL. VOLUME I : BIOMECHANICS AND WORK PHYSIOLOGY 

AUTHOR(S) : 

AYOUB, M. M., N. J. BETHEA, M. BOBO, ET AL 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 

ANTHROPOMETRICS, BIOMECHANICS, WORK PHYSIOLOGY, FEMALE MINERS, MALE MINERS, 
STRENGTH, WORK CAPACITY, TASK ANALYSIS, ENERGY EXPENDITURE, LOW COAL MINING 

ACCESSION NUMBER : 504 
TITLE : 

BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN 
COAL, METAL AND NON-METAL MINING 

AUTHOR(S) : 

DAVIS, R. P., G. R. BROWN, AND W. J. DOUGLAS 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 

ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND 
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, HEALTH, SAFETY, MINING 

ACCESSION NUMBER : 3029 
TITLE : 

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN 
SURFACE MINING 

AUTHOR(S) : 

CONWAY, E. J. AND M. S. SANDERS 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 

HUMAN FACTORS, ERGONOMICS, MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE, SAFETY, HAZARDS, MINING 
EQUIPMENT, ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES, SURFACE MINING 



16 

ACCESSION NUMBER : 7044 
TITLE : 

CAUSES OF ABSENTEEISM 

AUTHOR(S) : 

ATKIN, ROBERT S. AND PAUL S. GOODMAN 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS, ABSENTEEISM, UNDERGROUND COAL MINING 

ACCESSION NUMBER : 8516 
TITLE : 

TRAM VIII: TRAINING RESOURCES APPLIED TO MINING. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE HELD 
AT THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., AUGUST 23-26, 1981 

AUTHOR(S) : 

BENNETT, J. D.-PROCEEDINGS EDITOR 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 

TRAINING, SAFETY, ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES, MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, FOREMEN, 
PRODUCTIVITY, MAINTENANCE, TRUCKS, SELF-RESCUERS, LONGWALL MINING, MINING 



FULL-ENTRY FORMAT 



17 



ACCESSION NUMBER 



TITLE 



ENTRY DATE : 
REVIEW DATE 



09/14/84 
: 09/15/85 



MINING IN LOW COAL. VOLUME I : BIOMECHANICS AND WORK PHYSIOLOGY 

AUTHOR(S) : 

AYOUB, M. M., N. J. BETHEA, M. BOBO, ET AL 



MO-YR PUBLISHED : 11/81 

SOURCE : TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 

CONTRACT NO. : HO387022 



CONTRACT FINAL REPORT 
REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS 
JOURNAL ARTICLE 
RULES, REGS, OR LAWS 
MSHA SERIES 
FOREIGN 



NTISNO. : PB83-258160 OFR NO. 

START PAGE : 1 LENGTH 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 



VOLUME : ISSUE : 

CONT. ADD. : LUBBOCK, TX 79409 

BUREAU RESEARCH CENTER : PRC 



CONTRACT PHASE REPORT 
USBM SERIES 
MANUAL OR GUIDE 
SEMINARS OR TRAINING 
OTHER AGENCY 
MISCELLANEOUS 



16283 
175 



OTHER NO. 



ANTHROPOMETRICS, BIOMECHANICS, WORK PHYSIOLOGY, FEMALE MINERS, MALE MINERS, 
STRENGTH, WORK CAPACITY, TASK ANALYSIS, ENERGY EXPENDITURE, LOW COAL MINING 

ABSTRACT : 

PURPOSE: To evaluate the job demands associated with low-coal mining; to study the anthropometry, strength, and 
aerobic capacity of low coal miners to determine if they differ from the U.S. population; and to recommend, on the basis 
of available information, optimal job and work station design for low coal mining. PROCEDURE: Data was gathered 
on the physical and physiological characteristics of low coal miners during 25 visits to 17 mines in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, 
and West Virginia. Anthropometric measurements were made of male and female miners and used to design and build 
12 mannequins representing the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the male and female population. The strength and 
physical work capacity of male and female low coal miners were also measured. A job analysis was performed for roof 
bolter, bolter helper, miner helper, and timberman, since these were the most demanding low coal mining jobs physically. 
RESULTS: The male and female anthropometry, except for weight and circumferential dimensions, for low coal miners 
was quite similar to the comparison population. Back strength for the male and female miners was significantly lower 
than that of the industrial worker population, which may be a contributing factor to low back problems in mining. 
Although shoveling, timbering, and helpers tasks were physiologically demanding, adequate rest was usually available due 
to frequent work stoppages. If the amount of work stoppage is decreased, rest schedules are essential. 



18 



ACCESSION NUMBER : 504 



TITLE 



ENTRY DATE : 
REVIEW DATE 



12/20/84 
: 12/20/85 



BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN 
COAL, METAL AND NON-METAL MINING 

AUTHOR(S) : 

DAVIS, R. P., G. R. BROWN, AND W. J. DOUGLAS 



MO-YR PUBLISHED : 5/81 
SOURCE : KETRONINC. 
CONTRACT NO. : JO199042 

CONTRACT FINAL REPORT 
REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS 
JOURNAL ARTICLE 
RULES, REGS, OR LAWS 
MSHA SERIES 
FOREIGN 

NTIS NO. : PB82-218660 
START PAGE : 1 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 



X 



VOLUME : ISSUE : 

CONT. ADD. : WAYNE, PA 19087 
BUREAU RESEARCH CENTER : PRC 



CONTRACT PHASE REPORT 
USBM SERIES 
MANUAL OR GUIDE 
SEMINARS OR TRAINING 
OTHER AGENCY 
MISCELLANEOUS 



OFRNO. 
LENGTH 



7882 
106 



OTHER NO. 



ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND 
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, HEALTH, SAFETY, MINING 

ABSTRACT : 

PURPOSE: To develop a methodology for determining the likely effects of Bureau of Mines health and safety research 
projects on the economic and operating parameters of those mining sections which would be affected by the research 
technology. PROCEDURE: Fifteen Bureau of Mines health and safety research and development projects were selected 
for detailed case study. Data applicable to benefit-cost analysis of the selected projects were acquired through both site 
visits and evaluation of project reports. A procedure and a set of criteria for measuring the benefit-cost effects of health 
and safety projects were developed. RESULTS: A Benefit-Cost Analysis Model, Version 1 (BCAM/1), was developed 
and installed on a computer. The Benefit-Cost procedure applies parametric analysis in evaluating projects. By varying 
parameters which have a high degree of uncertainty over a range of expected values, one obtains a corresponding set of 
Benefit-Cost indices. The Benefit-Cost index represents the economic output per unit of investment in the proposed 
technology by the mining industry sector. Data requirements for using BCAM/1 include: revenues, production, operating 
costs, capital costs, number, type and severity of accidents, cost of accidents, health problems encountered, and cost of 
health problems. The Accident Cost Indicator Model (ACIM), developed by FMC for the Bureau, is one input for 
BCAM/1. Pro-forma income and cash flow statements for up to 10 years of project life are outputs. 



19 



ACCESSION NUMBER 
TITLE : 



3029 



ENTRY DATE : 03/13/85 
REVIEW DATE : 03/13/86 



RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN 
SURFACE MINING 

AUTHOR(S) : 

CONWAY, E. J. AND M. S. SANDERS 



MO-YR PUBLISHED : 5/82 

SOURCE : CANYON RESEARCH, INC WESTLAKE 

CONTRACT NO. : JO395080 



VOLUME : ISSUE : 

CONT. ADD. : CA 91361 
BUREAU RESEARCH CENTER 



PRC 



CONTRACT FINAL REPORT 
REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS 
JOURNAL ARTICLE 
RULES, REGS, OR LAWS 
MSHA SERIES 
FOREIGN 

NNTIS NO. : PB84-143650 
START PAGE : 1 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 



X 



CONTRACT PHASE REPORT 
USBM SERIES 
MANUAL OR GUIDE 
SEMINARS OR TRAINING 
OTHER AGENCY 
MISCELLANEOUS 



OFRNO. 
LENGTH 



21183 
84 



OTHER NO. 



HUMAN FACTORS, ERGONOMICS, MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE, SAFETY, HAZARDS, MINING 
EQUIPMENT, ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES, SURFACE MINING 

ABSTRACT : 

PURPOSE: To identify human factors research and development needs in the surface mining industry which 
could be funded and directed by the Bureau of Mines, and to assign priorities to the recommended projects. 
PROCEDURE: Phase I consisted of: literature review, accident data analysis, preliminary interviews with MSHA and 
Bureau personnel, interviews with equipment manufacturers, and mine visits for familiarization of contractor personnel. 
Phase II encompassed on-site data collection and preliminary data analysis. Twenty-seven mines were visited during this 
period. Phase III dealt with defining human factors R and D projects and assigning priorities to them. After a weeding 
out process, final acceptance of projects and assigned priorities were determined from ratings by project team members, 
mine personnel, and MSHA officials. RESULTS: Seventy-four human factors research projects in surface mining were 
identified for possible Bureau funding. The projects were divided into the following categories: those related to-Mobile 
Equipment, Maintenance Shops and Areas, Plants and Mills, Organizational Factors, Safety Programs/Data, and Training. 
The highest priority category contained 25 projects, the middle one and 26, and the lowest 23. A table is given which 
briefly describes each project and lists industry, MSHA. and combined ratings. Another table presents the priority for 
each of the projects. A bibliography with 46 references is also included. 



20 



ACCESSION NUMBER : 7044 

TITLE : 

CAUSES OF ABSENTEEISM 

AUTHOR(S) : 

ATKIN, ROBERT S. AND PAUL S. GOODMAN 

MO-YR PUBLISHED : 1/84 

SOURCE : CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIVERSITY 

CONTRACT NO. : JO328033 



CONTRACT FINAL REPORT 
REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS 
JOURNAL ARTICLE 
RULES, REGS, OR LAWS 
MSHA SERIES 
FOREIGN 



ENTRY DATE : 07/02/85 
REVIEW DATE : 07/02/86 



VOLUME : ISSUE : 

CONT. ADD. : PITTSBURGH, PA 15213 

BUREAU RESEARCH CENTER : PRC 



CONTRACT PHASE REPORT 
USBM SERIES 
MANUAL OR GUIDE 
SEMINARS OR TRAINING 
OTHER AGENCY 
MISCELLANEOUS 



NTIS NO. : 
START PAGE : 1 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 



OFRNO. 
LENGTH 



OTHER NO. 



30 



PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS, ABSENTEEISM, UNDERGROUND COAL MINING 

ABSTRACT : 

PURPOSE: To examine the causes of absenteeism for underground coal miners. PROCEDURE: Underground coal 
miners from 11 mines (6 in the East, 2 in the Midwest, 3 in the West) were interviewed individually at the work site and 
job site. Each of the 681 miners was interviewed for approximately 45 minutes. Questions covered such areas as 
satisfaction with various aspects of the job, absenteeism and absence control plans, labor relations, and safety. The 
company, the union, and the individual miner agreed to three ground rules: interviews would be voluntary, interviews 
would be confidential, and no reports would be issued that would identify individual miners, or small groups of miners. 
RESULTS: Individuals become miners because the pay and the benefits seem to be attractive. In general, miners are 
quite satisfied with the mines in which they work and the jobs that they have. They are generally not satisfied with 
rotating shifts. Most feel pressure to mine safely, but don"t feel much pressure to get the coal out, work overtime, or 
work idle days. Absences often seem to be planned at least a few days in advance. Most miners indicated that the major 
causes of absence, aside from accidents and illness, were due to the attractiveness of off-the-job activities ("being with 
family", "enjoying time off, "personal reasons"). About 45% of the miners suggested that management makes exceptions 
in the administration of the absence control plan, while only 28% claimed that the plan was too severe. 



21 



ACCESSION NUMBER : 8516 
TITLE : 



ENTRY DATE : 04/25/85 
REVIEW DATE : 04/25/86 



TRAM VIII: TRAINING RESOURCES APPLIED TO MINING. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE HELD 
AT THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., AUGUST 23-26, 1981 

AUTHOR(S) : 

BENNETT, J. D.-PROCEEDINGS EDITOR 



MO-YR PUBLISHED : 8/81 

SOURCE : PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV. 

CONTRACT NO. : 



CONTRACT FINAL REPORT 
REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS 
JOURNAL ARTICLE 
RULES, REGS, OR LAWS 
MSHA SERIES 
FOREIGN 



VOLUME : ISSUE : 

CONT. ADD. : U. PARK, PA 16802 
BUREAU RESEARCH CENTER : 

CONTRACT PHASE REPORT 
USBM SERIES 
MANUAL OR GUIDE 
SEMINARS OR TRAINING : X 
OTHER AGENCY 
MISCELLANEOUS 



NTIS NO. : 
START PAGE : 1 

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS : 



OFRNO. 
LENGTH 



OTHER NO. 



261 



TRAINING, SAFETY, ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES, MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, FOREMEN, 
PRODUCTIVITY, MAINTENANCE, TRUCKS, SELF-RESCUERS, LONGWALL MINING, MINING 

ABSTRACT : 

PURPOSE: To publish the proceedings of a conference on training resources applied to mining. PROCEDURE: The 
papers presented at TRAM VIII: Training Resources Applied to Mining, a conference held at the Pennsylvania State 
University during August 23-26,1981, were gathered. RESULTS: The proceedings of this conference were published and 
contain 30 papers. Topics covered include: organizational development to improve management/labor relations, two 
approaches to organization development for mine safety, management development in the coal mining industry, mine 
management training, productivity training at Bethlehem, training front line foremen, longwall training, the haulage truck 
training system, effective maintenance training, new equipment maintenance training, hydraulic cost reduction, planning 
of mandatory training programs, tailoring training materials for your mine, management commitment, methods of job 
transfer, Consol's new first aid course, self-rescurer and emergency medical training, computer-aided instruction, 
slide/tape presentations, TV or not TV, and capabilities and limitations of low-cost graphic media. 



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